Fraud and Unjustified Conjectures in Dora An Analysis of a...

Many aspects of our lives, including culture and religion, are fabricated on the basis of conjectures. Although these facts may remain unproven, little harm is inflicted from the possibility of misinformation. Contrarily, in the case of science, the smallest error can lead to severely misguided results and an inability to reach a solution. Dora An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria by Sigmund Freud exemplifies this situation, as Freud reveals an incomplete analysis relying on a slew of unjustified conjectures. During Dora’s time of treatment, Freud consistently ignores her denials and impresses his frequently outlandish theories on her, which ultimately leads to her early termination of treatment. Freud fails to cure Dora due to his flawed†¦show more content†¦He continues by comparing himself to an archaeologist for restoring â€Å"what is missing, taking the best models known to [him] from other analyses† (7). With this eloquent metaphor, he’s simply tryin g to validate his use of conjectures and although he claims to inform the reader upon his use of assumptions, the fact remains that his analysis is partially formed on the basis of fabrication. It appears as though Freud is merely trying to convince the reader to trust his diagnosis regardless of its legitimacy as is repeated later with Dora. During one of the first treatments, Dora recounts an unfavorable situation in which Herr K. arranges a meet between Dora, Frau K. and himself. Against Dora’s knowledge Herr K. convinces Frau K. to stay at home to be alone with Dora. Upon her arrival, Herr K. pulls â€Å"down the outside shutters [†¦] and, instead of going out the open door, suddenly [clasps] the girl to him and [presses] a kiss upon her lips† (21). Freud immediately begins to analyze the situation in stating the strangeness of Dora’s reaction. Instead of eliciting sexual excitement, the encounter evokes a â€Å"violent feeling of disgust† (21) and the need to flee. Freud states that any person â€Å"in whom an occasion for sexual excitement elicited feelings that were preponderantly or exclusively unpleasurable† (22) is undoubtedly hysterical. With this claim, he gives no concrete evidence to support this theory except his limited knowledge on

6 Idioms Using the Word for Dog in French

About 40 percent of the French consider their dogs the most important things in their lives. Thats good because there are 10 million of them  in France, which works out to about 17 for every 100 people. Many of the smaller breeds live charmed lives  in handbags, on restaurant chairs or eating gourmet doggie food; the countrys many hunting dogs are tolerated; dogs who chase cars apparently get chained up and sort of forgotten, and a lot of homeless pooches just run free. In the midst of all this is the growing French appreciation for the rights of dogs (and cats, horses, and other pets);  2014  legislation changes their Napoleonic-era status as personal property to living and feeling beings who can be protected from cruelty and inherit wealth.   French Idioms Featuring Dogs Although the French may have a hot-and-cold relationship with their dogs, they are a part of everyday French life and have been for centuries. So naturally, dogs appear often in popular French idioms. Here are six French-language idiomatic expressions using chien, the word for dog in French Actually, the  French word for dog can appear in one of three forms in expressions: as un chien for a male dog, une chienne  for a female dog, or un chiot  for a puppy. The latter is always masculine. Careful: The plural chiottes  is slang for toilets. Traiter quelquun comme un chien Translation: To treat someone like a dogMeaning: To treat them badly, physically or emotionally Mon boss me traite comme un chien;  il me parle agressivement, ne me fait jamais de compliment.My boss treats me like a dog; he speaks aggressively to me, never pays me a compliment. Avoir du chien Translation:  To have some dogMeaning:  To be attractive, to have a lot of charm. Used mainly for women Sylvie n’est pas vraiment belle, mais elle a du chien, et elle a beaucoup de succà ¨s auprà ¨s des hommes.Sylvie is not really pretty, but she has this special something, and she has a lot of success with men. Être d’une humeur de chien Translation:  To be in a dog’s moodMeaning:  To be in a very bad mood Oh la la, je ne sais pas pourquoi, mais je suis d’une humeur de chien ce matin!Oh my, I don’t know why, but I am in a terrible mood this morning! Avoir un mal de chien (à   faire quelque chose) Translation:  To have a dog’s pain (to do something)Meaning: To be in a lot of pain OR to find doing something very difficult Hier, je me suis tordu la cheville, et aujourd’hui, j’ai un mal de chien.Yesterday, I twisted my ankle, and today, it hurts like crazy.​ J’ai un mal de chien à   faire cet exercice de grammaire.I have a very hard time doing this grammar exercise. Dormir en chien de fusil Translation:  To sleep like a gun’s hammer  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Meaning:  To sleep in a fetal position, curled up in  a ball​ Olivier dort allongà © sur le dos et moi, en chien de fusil.Olivier sleeps lying on his back and me, curled up in a ball. Se regarder en chien de faà ¯ence Translation:  To look at each other like china dog statuesMeaning:  To look at each other  in a coiled, aggressive way​ Ils se regardaient en chien de faà ¯ence et on pouvait voir la haine sur leurs visages.They were looking at each other with intensity, and you could see the hatred on their faces.

Gender Transition Is An Intelligible And Recognizable Rite...

Gender transition makes for a provocative quilting point as it shapes Western social conventions regarding binary-gender identities into an intelligible and recognizable rite-of-passage. Originally theorized by anthropologist Arnold Van Gennep (date), rites-of-passage configure social status-changes into a visible tripartite process denoted by a starting point of separation, followed by a transitional (or liminal) stage, and concluding with a reinstallation back into society under the new station (CITE). While the process is undertaken by, and therefore has been ostensibly created for, the individual initiate, rites-of-passage are constituted and maintained by the State, which institutionally signifies passage from one phase of the process to another. Each gradation – in the case of gender transition, the individual’s divorce from their prior status as a recognizable ‘man’ or ‘woman’, the mediated liminal state that includes hormone replacemen t therapy, real-life test, ongoing therapeutic consultation, surgical remedies, and the re-aggregation (Turner 363) noted through post-operative letters and/or changed government documents – is orchestrated, measured and controlled. The expected and rewarded end result is for the transgender individual to be recognized as analogous as cisgender. In a binary-gendered society, such passing defines a successful gendered rite-of-passage; conversely, to be ‘trans’ is to located ‘betwixt and between’ (Turner 1969) the dominant genderShow MoreRelatedThe As Rites Of Passage Coordinates891 Words   |  4 PagesTrans, as Rites-of-Passage Coordinates Gender transition makes for a provocative quilting point. It shapes various Western social conventions regarding binary-gender identities into an intelligible and recognizable rite-of-passage. Originally theorized by anthropologist Arnold Van Gennep (date), rites-of-passage configure social status-changes into a visible tripartite process denoted by a starting point of separation, followed by a transitional (or liminal) stage, and concluding with a reinstallationRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesby most organizations include things such as strategic direction, customer service, remuneration, job satisfaction, turnover and so on. As well as this, a range of demographic factors are also usually used. Some of these include length of service, gender, role, location, division and education level. Analysis Our industrial psychologists specialize in statistical survey techniques. They carry out a comprehensive analysis of the data to identify significant trends and patterns from the factors

The Relevance Of Psychology And Psychology Essay - 1536 Words

The Relevance of Psychology in My Life Patricia Tiki Koum Katy Campus Tuesdays7pm-10pm 30 November 2015 Psychology has always appeared to me as an extremely complicated and a very abstract notion. What I knew about psychology was that it is a kind of science studying the spirit’s behavior. However, as a scientist who used to study chemistry, I couldn’t really figure out how it is possible to study something that is not â€Å"real†. That is the reason, why in my mind, science and psychology were two opposite notions that couldn’t go along. Many years ago, I suffered from an aplastic anemia and was involved in a bone marrow transplant process where I had to deal with a psychologist. She asked me one day, â€Å"Did you have to go through a difficult childhood?† I was quite surprised because I was looking for a link between my disease and my childhood, but she explained to me that sometimes our spirit can express a former and unexpected pain through physical outward signs. This experience really reinforced what I already thought of the link between  "magic† and psychology, until I decided to take this psychology class as a pre-requisite to the pharmacy school. Now that I have been introduced to the realm of psychology, I realize that it is a science which deals with the human mind and its relation to human behavior; it is linked to the spirit. I also enjoy this course because it enlightens me to better understand the relevance of psychology in my lifeShow MoreRelated The Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relevance of Behavioral Psychology to Instructional Technology Behavioral Psychology Defined John Watson wrote a paper in the Psychological Review in 1913 and defined behavioral psychology or behaviorism as †¦a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. 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Nursing Article Research Abstract Free Essays

The nursing journal which I have selected is by Showalter Et al (2000), titled â€Å"Patients’ and their spouses’ needs after total joint arthroplasty: a pilot study†, from the journal Orthopedic Nursing.   The aim of the paper was to determine the experiences and the requirements of the patients and their spouses following hospitalization for two specific forms of orthopedic surgeries namely total hip and total knee arthroplasty. The study was performed on a small-scale basis and only 5 subjects (patients) and their spouses were included. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Article Research Abstract or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The study was performed by a personal interview that was videotaped for future research.   The design included in the study was descriptive. The study was conducted in one health center In Richmond USA. The findings revealed that the patients and their spouses required greatest help in making transitions. The patients felt the greatest distress when they were unable to get back to their activities within the stipulated period of time.   The spouses of the patient felt insecure when the patient was unable to perform the daily activities within the stipulated period of time. The transition period was marked by disturbances felt when the patient was unable to recover within the stipulated period of time as planned before the surgery.   Some of the issues that were a concern included post-operative pain, problems with rehabilitation, and application of skills at home, which are learned in the hospital. During the transition period, the spouses and the patients have to change their roles, relationships, abilities and behaviors, so that a faster recover process is enabled.   The healthcare professionals have to also ensure that the patients are educated about the various problems that can be encountered and means of solving these problems.   The patients and the spouses have to also be taught that the entire recovery process should be given realistic considerations. Further, certain groups (known as ‘focus groups’) have to be trained to ensure that the healthcare professionals are sufficiently educated about the transition changes that are needed.   However, the author has suggested for the need for further research studies when it comes to determining and fulfilling the needs of patients and their spouses following total joint replacement surgeries.   Focus groups seems to be one effective way of educating the healthcare processionals, who in turn that can meet the needs of the patients and their spouses. References: Showalter, A., Burger, S, Salyer, J. (2000). â€Å"Patients’ and their spouses’ needs after total joint arthroplasty: a pilot study.† Orthop Nurs, 19(1), 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062624?ordinalpos=1itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlusDrugs1 http://www.orthopaedicnursing.com/pt/re/orthonurs/selectreference.htm;jsessionid=HYTTQ6SxLSksKl8cQjpvksfZ0g1SVBqTfJnZTwwKZXnmQB6QGlJX!1759956393!181195629!8091!-1!1205390899957?an=00006416-200311000-00012id=P136data=00006416_2000_19_49_showalter_arthroplasty_%7C00006416-200311000-00012%23xpointer(id(R15-12))%7C1160700%7C%7Covftdb%7Clu=ovid:/bib/medline/11062624/ui Medline Link Record Unique Identifier 11062624. Authors Showalter A; Burger S; Salyer J. Authors Full Name Showalter, A; Burger, S; Salyer, J. Institution Total Joint Arthroplasty Program, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. Title Patients’ and their spouses’ needs after total joint arthroplasty: a pilot study. Source Orthopaedic Nursing. 19(1):49-57, 62, 2000 Jan-Feb. Abbreviated Source Orthop Nurs. 19(1):49-57, 62, 2000 Jan-Feb. NLM Journal Name Orthopaedic nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses Publishing Model Journal available in: Print Citation processed from: Print Country of Publication UNITED STATES. MeSH Subject Headings Adaptation, Psychological Aged Aged, 80 and over *Arthroplasty, Replacement/ae [Adverse Effects] Arthroplasty, Replacement/nu [Nursing] *Arthroplasty, Replacement/px [Psychology] *Attitude to Health Focus Groups Humans Middle Aged *Needs Assessment/og [Organization Administration] Nursing Methodology Research Orthopedic Nursing Patient Education as Topic Pilot Projects *Postoperative Care/mt [Methods] Postoperative Care/nu [Nursing] *Postoperative Care/px [Psychology] Social Support *Spouses/px [Psychology] Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the experiences and needs of patients and their spouses during hospitalization and recovery from either total hip or total knee arthroplasty. DESIGN: Descriptive. SAMPLE: A purposive sample of 5 patients and their spouses in one health sciences center. METHODS: Qualitative study using a videotaped focus group interview. FINDINGS: Content analysis revealed two perspectives of one theme: patients and their spouses need â€Å"help making transitions.† Situational and role transitions that were problematic for patients reflected distress over not being able to resume activities they enjoyed within an expected time frame. Incongruence between expectations and reality was the source of distress. As a consequence of role reversal, spouses experienced feelings of insecurity and being overwhelmed. Health and illness transitions that patients experienced were also related to incongruence between expectations of the recovery period and the reality that recovery is a slow process. Pain experienced during post discharge recovery and rehabilitation, and problems encountered when applying information and skills learned in the hospital to the home setting were sources of concern. CONCLUSION: The needs and experiences of patients and spouses after total joint arthroplasty reflect transitional change–changes in roles, relationships, abilities, and behaviors. Health care professionals can facilitate transitions by providing education that reflects â€Å"best case-worst case scenarios† so that expectations of the recovery process are realistic. By being the link between hospital and home, health care professionals can lend support to patients as they continue the recovery process. As a program evaluation strategy, focus groups provide useful information to health care professionals who are interested in the needs and expectations of health care consumers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING RESEARCH: Further exploration of the needs of patients and their spouses following joint replacement surgery is warranted. Use of focus group methodology might provide additional insight into the needs of this population and suggest ways in which health care professionals can modify existing programs to help these patients and their spouses make the transitions. ISSN Print 0744-6020. Publication Type Journal Article. Date of Publication 2000 Jan-Feb Year of Publication 2000 Entry Date 20001109 Revision Date 20071115 Update Date 20071203 How to cite Nursing Article Research Abstract, Essays

Biology work requirement 3 biology work requiremen Essay Example For Students

Biology work requirement 3 biology work requiremen Essay t 3AEcological issue: Deforestation, logging Issues:Effects wildlife habitats biodiversityIncreases soil degradation erosion. Carbon storage leads to more Carbon dioxide in atmosphere leads to global warming Social- technological:Can lead to global warmingLess use of timber to stop Essay. The ecological issue that I have been researching is the Deforestation. This is a major issue in Australia and the world. Forests provide the world with a range of resources the main one being timber. Timber is used in many products but mainly for building the framework of most homes. It has been accepted for years that to get the timber we need to cut down the forests, most of us lead our daily lives not knowing the implications that deforestation can have on the environment and society. In this eassy I will point out these implication and the causes and disadvantages of deforestation and prove that it is wrong to cut down forests. Deforestation is the large-scale removal of forests. Why does deforestation occur?There are a many answers to that question but the main ones are:For agricultural purposes eg space for building. (overpopulation)Trees are logged for the purpose of space. In this day and age the human race is multiplying and therefore we require more space to expand cites and build more houses. To do this world government cut down any forests in their way. Industrial commercial purposesBig industries also contribute to deforestation. EG Macdonalds uses 800 square miles of trees just for the paper packaging of their products. That is an appalling amount of trees that are used just for burger wrappers. A conservation group has found that 11 million acres a year are being logged for use by commercial and property industries. If that rate keeps on going we will have no forests left by the year 2010. This is perhaps the major cause of deforestation because forests provide the world with timber, which is one of the most widely used resources in the world. Industries and governments try to make more efficient timber production so they clear existing forests and use that land to make forests plantations. In Australia 400,000 hectares of Old-growth forests are being chopped down for the production of more valuable sawlog timber. Farming purposes. Farmers need land to grow food and crops, they also need land for their cattle to eat. To get this land some farmers especially in the poorer countries need to chop down the trees in the forest that lie directly in their land or just land they want. These farmers often use a method called Slash and Burn deforestation. This is what its name suggests the slashing (logging) of trees, these trees are then burnt and the ash is retained for fertiliser. Forests chopped down just for cattle grazing number 15,000 square kilometres. These statistics were from 1989 that was a decade ago. No doubt the amount of land used for cattle grazing has increased in the last 10 years. All these causes have adverse effect on the world and the environment this will be explored later in the essay.